Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
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吴炜伦认为，他怀念的不是夜总会，而是“冇落闸嘅步骤”——以前尖沙咀几乎没有铺头落闸，一间倒下很快有人顶上。而现在，“十间铺有八间落闸”。拍戏时，他想重现当年的街景，却发现根本做不到，因为现实的街道已经空了。